Author: arizonasheephistory

It came to my attention a few years ago that the sheep industry in Arizona was disappearing. I love history, traveling to new places and research. These have been combined in researching this history. I am an independent researcher and speaker and also part of AZ Speaks with the Arizona Humanities. I hold a BA in Anthropology, a MA and Ph.D. in geography. My masters was in land use geography and the Ph.D. was more in historical geography. I love to travel and have visited all seven continents and more than 50 countries. I am a member of the Women Writing the West.

1970: 100th Anniversary of Sheep Trails

The Arizona Wool Growers’ Association marked the 100^th anniversary of Arizona sheep trails at their annual summer meeting in Flagstaff. The industry had its beginnings in the 1860s but trails were not established until the northern sheepmen recognized that by “moving of their sheep to warmer winter climates lambing and shearing could be advanced by about three months.” Migration of the sheep would begin mid-October when frost appeared on the mountains.

At one time, there were many trails in Arizona used by the sheepmen but by 1970 there were only four actively used trails: Beaverhead-Grief Hill; Mud Tanks-Government Gap; Heber-Reno and Black Canyon. Most sheepmen were not trailing their sheep by this time as truck or rail were more common methods used. But there was still the hardy sheepman who would walk their sheep on one of these trails.

The trails in Arizona range from 200 to 300 miles in length. The flock will have a change in altitude of about 6,000 feet. The sheep would travel from five to ten miles per day grazing on the available grasses. One herd of sheep would start on the trail and then another would follow at a distance of a few miles to keep the herds separated.

A herder and camp tender would accompany each herd. All their supplies that would be needed for this journey of four to six weeks were carried by burros. Everything was neatly packed in wooden pack boxes which were then secured by rope handles that were tied to the crosspiece of a pack saddle each burro wore. Their boxes would have food, drinking water, and camp equipment, i.e, Dutch oven, coffee pot, bedrolls for both herder and camp tender. The food would consist of food for the two men but also dog food for the ever-important dogs that would accompany each herd southward. These dogs kept the sheep moving, locate strays and stragglers and some of the dogs were to protect the sheep from predatory animals such as coyotes, wolves, or lions.

The procedure was the same no matter if the herd was heading to summer grazing or to the desert for lambing and shearing.

The last time the Heber-Reno trail was fully used was in 2011 when Mr. Dobson, owner of the Sheep Springs Sheep Co., retired from the sheep industry. The Auza Sheep Company is still using a trail when the weather conditions permit – not to dry or the rivers not running to high so men and sheep and burros can safely cross. It has been several years now since they trailed their sheep.

Top picture – Dobson’s Sheep Springs Sheep Co, Dobson’s sheep in Sycamore Canyon (courtesy of Cindy Shanks) and Auza Sheep Co. Sheep near Cottonwood.

At the 100^th anniversary of the trails, the sheep men and their auxiliary each held meetings. The sheep men gathered at the Flagstaff Arizona Bank and the women met at the Monte Vista Hotel. The big social event of the meeting was the barbecue of lamb and beans which was held at Ft. Tuthill. The public was invited to the “lamb affair.” Adults paid $1.50 and $1 for children. Frank Auza was responsible for the barbecue of the lamb. Mrs. John Aleman, Jr. and Sylvia Manterola headed up the serving of food. Sheepmen who helped procure the lamb were John Aleman, Sr., John Aleman Jr., Albert Pouquette, Joe Auza, and Joe Manterola. The women’s auxiliary fund-raiser was the wool quilt (written about in previous blogs) with the brands of the sheepmen to be raffled. Mrs. Basilio Aja oversaw the raffle. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Aja of Williams were responsible for the dance held after the barbecue.

AWGA Auxiliary 1969

Researching the sheep industry in old newspapers I come across some of the most interesting items that I have heard mentioned by today’s auxiliary members but hopefully with this information and others that I found I am starting to piece together the rests of the puzzle.

The Arizona Wool Growers’ Association Auxiliary met July 16 in Williams at the home of Albert Pouquette. The primary reason for the meeting was the installation of the new officers. Other business was the auxiliary was looking for old wool clothing to be used in their “Old with New” apparel display for the fall. The women were working on a big relief map showing the sheep trails in Arizona. They also wanted to have a men’s fashion show along with a men’s barbecue cooking presentation for their Education Promotion. They were preparing for their sheep industry education promotion week to be held in October at Chris-Town shopping center. Another project that the ladies would be working on was a wool quilt which would feature appliques of old sheep brands. This project was going to start on August 6 at Basilio Aja’s home south of Williams.

The question that is raised here is what happened to the map showing the sheep trails? And another question is this the quilt that the ladies finally made?

And just to let everyone know these were the officers of the auxiliary elected: Mrs. Jean Etchamendy, first vice-president; Mrs. M. P. Espil, second vice-president; Mrs. Arnaud Etchamendy, secretary-treasurer; Mrs. John Aleman, Jr, parliamentarian; Mrs. John Simpson, auditor; Mrs. Phillip Echeverria, historian; Mrs. Basilio Ajo, corresponding secretary; Miss Sylvia Manterola, lamb promotion chairman; Mrs. Steven Zvoner, state director of “Make It Yourself with Wool.”

If you recognize your brand or anyone else’s please comment on this post. Thanks.

John Sr. & Frances Aleman

Congratulations to John Sr. and Frances Aleman family for their nomination posthumously into the Arizona Farming and Ranching Hall of Fame. They will join other sheep families that have been honored in the past. The induction ceremony will take place in February 2024 at the Wigwam Hotel, Litchfield Park.

This blog has written about Frances Aleman in the past. Included is some information on John Sr. as well as Frances.

The Aleman family is only one of the many families who made the great sheep era here in Arizona possible. There once were almost two million sheep in Arizona and now there is only a few thousand, not counting those sheep on the Native American reservations or small flocks owned by individuals. The Aleman’s contributed in their own ways to its legacy in the promotion of lamb and wool both here in Arizona and nationally.

Juan Manual Aleman, a Spanish-Basque from the Pyrenees Mountains of Spain, was born August 1894. He came to America in March 1914 and started as a camp cook for a sheep company in Winslow, Arizona. A few months later he moved to Flagstaff and went to work for MP Espil & MI Powers at Frisco Mountain Sheep Co. He worked here for 12 years saving his money until 1926 when he partnered with Mike Echeverria in the Cross Mountain Sheep Company near Seligman, Arizona. In 1935 he joined in partnership with Joe and Leon Pouquette northeast of Williams, Arizona. After saving his money he was finally able to start the John Aleman Sheep Company in 1952. In 1967 his son, John Jr., joined him and they changed the name to John Aleman and Son Sheep Company.

He was an active sheep producer in Arizona for 58 years, a member of the Arizona Wool Growers Association of which he was a director for 27 years as well as a director for 20 years on the Kaibab Advisory Board. He was listed in Who Is Who in Arizona in 1958.

John met his wife, Frances Abbie Hendrix, who was born in Illinois and migrated out to Arizona from St. Louis in 1929, at her father’s Box H Ranch near St. Johns, Arizona. They enjoyed a very unique courtship riding the range on horseback and working with the sheep. They were married July 1936 in Phoenix. It was the beginning of a wonderful life they spent together for over thirty-six years.

Frances became very active in promoting lamb and wool and in 1948 she, along with Ora Chipman, of Utah, co-founded the Make It Yourself With Wool competition which was sponsored by the Women’s Auxiliary to the National Wool Growers’ Association. In 1968 the American Sheep Producers Council started the annual Aleman-Chipman Scholarship Award for the senior winner in honor of their contribution to introducing young people from across the country to the beauty of woolen garments.

In 1958, Frances, along with several other women in Arizona’s sheep industry, started the Arizona Wool Growers’ Auxiliary. She was the Charter President and served for twelve consecutive years. She also served in each of the National Women’s Auxiliary offices and was elected President of the national in January 1971 and served for two years. Then she served an additional two years as the National Press Correspondent later being appointed as the Historian Chairman for the American Sheep Industry. It was here that she spent over 3½ years gathering histories from sheep families across the country for the book “Sheep and Man An American Saga” printed by the American Sheep Producers Council in 1978.

Throughout these years, in addition to Make It Yourself With Wool, she organized and worked on many lamb and wool promotions including the National Miss Wool beauty pageant, demonstrations at numerous grade schools, high schools, ASU, UA, 4-H clubs, Boy and Girl Scouts, the Arizona State Fair and on television and numerous newspaper interviews.

An annual Lamb and Wool Fall Fiesta was held at Chris Town Mall where a complete sheep camp was set up including ewes and lambs and a sheep shearing exhibition. On the last day of the fiesta a full-fledged sheep camp dinner was served to an average of over 1,000 people. In 1968 she was named Woman of the Year by Chris Towners Business & Professional Women’s Club. She also served several years on the advisory board of the Town and Country Life Conference at the University of Arizona and was honored for her service.

She worked tirelessly to promote lamb and wool even while moving two times a year up and down the mountains between Buckeye and Williams, following her husband’s sheep outfit. As a young girl, Frances suffered with tuberculosis losing part of a lung which weakened her and caused many bouts of illness and hospitalization throughout her life. She had a strong will and recovered many times to return to doing the things she loved so dearly, her family, cooking and especially her passion, promoting lamb and wool wherever she could .

She was a devout Baptist and taught Sunday School at the First Baptist Church in Buckeye and helped to support two missionaries. Her husband John Sr. was a devout Catholic but they respected and supported each other’s beliefs.

Together they had one son, John Jr, who was born in 1943. He started working summers out at the Williams ranch at age 9, staying for a week at a time, helping the sheepherders, loading and moving the burros from camp to camp and hauling water, building fences and helping with the sheep. He joined his father in ownership in 1967 along with his wife, Claudia Jo Nichols whom he had married in 1961. They had two children, John III and Heidi Jo. The couple took over running the company when John Jr.’s father passed away in 1972. John Jr. and Claudia divorced in 1977. He ran the company until 1978 when he sold the ewes and the ranch to Joe and Carmen Auza. They continued to run feeder lambs together until 1980 when he married Kathy Wolfswinkel and started Aleman Sheep and Machine Company in Higley, Arizona.

John Jr.’s daughter, Heidi Aleman-Serrano, joined his wife, Kathy, in continuing to help with the annual Make It With Wool state competition and continuing to sponsor the Aleman Memorial Scholarship in memory of Frances, John Sr and John Jr. This year Make It With Wool will celebrate its 75^th anniversary as a national competition. It is believed that Frances would be very happy that this competition is still going strong today. The family is proud of its part in the heritage of the sheep industry here in Arizona.

Woollen Apparel from 1923

Today we look at some of the wool apparel for sale during 1923 as found in the Williams News.

Babbitts and Duffy Bros. were the two main stores in Williams. Each had many weekly ads. There was one advertisement found during the year for Dial and England and one for Matthews Racket Store. Dial and England sold ladies wool hose (other items were sold but not germane to this blog) and Matthews had sports hats with wool trimmings (also other types of hats). Clothing sold at both Babbitts and Duffy Bros. were similar but Duffy’s seemed to be the store with the lower prices and it advertised as the store “where thrifty people trade”.

There was not a great deal of selection at either Babbitts or Duffy Bros. reviewing their ads for the year. Items included ladies’ wool skirts and suits with two pairs of trousers for both men and boys. Wool riding pants lace leg, double seat was available at Babbitt’s. Both stores had a selection of wool sweaters, knit caps, ladies and misses wool gloves, hose, men’s wool shirts and men’s socks.

For those who were “clever”, meaning could sew, wool batting was available for making comforters at Duffy Bros. Both establishments sold wool material.

And to finish our story on wool – from the May 4^th edition of the Williams News, “there are still a few people who use the old spinning wheel, spinning yarn from the pure wool. Mrs. Robert Gleason of Pittman Valley is doing this, and has some fine yarn, ranging in color from pure white to jet black, that she has spun”.

Arizona Wool Growers’ Convention July 1923

At the July Wool Growers’ Convention in Flagstaff in 1923, some of the prominent men in attendance was E. A. Sawyer, Winslow (member of the executive board); John Hennessy, Flagstaff (member of the executive board); F. W. Perkins, Flagstaff (secretary-treasurer of the organization); E. H. Duffield, Cooley (2^nd Vice President); Geo. F. Campbell, Flagstaff; Harry J. Grey, Bellmont; and Charlie Burton, Ash Fork (1^st Vice President). Charlie Burton ran the meeting. Campbell and Grey were listed as “sheep men.”

Hugh Campbell who was president in 1923 was seriously ill and in fact, passed during the proceedings at the meeting. He had been ill for some time with intestinal cancer. During the meeting, a new president was elected: A. A. (Tony) Johns, Prescott.

Members of the executive committee elected were Colin Campbell (Ashfork): E. A. Sawyer (Winslow); Lou Charlebois; John Hennessy and Dannie W. Campbell, all of Flagstaff. The State advisory board were all reelected – John Hennessy; Mr. Chas. E. Howard (Phoenix); Colin Campbell, James Scott (Pinedale); and E. A. Sawyer.

Advisory boards in forest elected or re-elected members:

Coconino – John Hennessy, George Campbell, D. W. Campbell, A. J. LeBarron. These men were all from Flagstaff.

Tusayan – C. E. Burton (Ashfork), Lou Charlebois (Flagstaff), F. D. Bly (Williams), Colin Campbell (Ashfork), and Mrs. C. E. Howard (Phoenix).

Prescott – H. E. Campbell, A. J. LeBarron, John Hennessy, (all from Flagstaff) W. W. Perkins (Winslow), Colin Campbell Ashfork).

Sitgreaves – E. A. Sawyer (Winslow), E. B. Newman (Pinedale), Fred Purcell, G. H. Wilbur, (both from Heber) and James Scott (Pinedale).

Once again, this type of information helps to establish who were in positions of the Arizona Wool Growers’ Association and thus gives a picture of at least some of the men who were in the industry in 1923. This information came from the Coconino Sun, Flagstaff but did not list who were all the attendees as other years’ newspapers did.

Forest Fires 1923

You may think that forest fires have nothing to do with Arizona and its sheep but fires do and did play a role in the state for the livestock industry was dependent upon the forests where fires, past and present, were either manmade or nature caused. While nothing was found in any of the articles that suggested that it was campfires by sheep herders or cattlemen, some of them may have been. By its very nature, campfires were important for the men tending the sheep to cook their food. When they moved the flock of sheep maybe only a night was spent in one local and if the herder or camp tender did not totally extinguish their fire prior to moving on, it could have resulted in a fire. There were some stories where a sheep herder was responsible for a fire and was fined but as previously stated no reports were found to indicate that the fires of 1923 were the doing of carelessness on the part of a herder/camp tender.

The Williams News reported on fires across the United States and some of the numbers of fires reported were given for the United States as a whole, I will endeavor to relate only those fires found in Arizona when possible.

A forest ranger stated that firemen were put on duty the first part of May because of the carelessness of man. He stated that if it wasn’t for these fires the firemen would not be needed until the end of June when dry electrical storms occur. It was also reported that there were now state laws making it an offense punishable by fine and imprisonment for any individual to cause a forest fire.

The earliest fire reported in the Williams News was in mid-April five miles from Flagstaff. That fire burned 100 timber acres, obviously forest grazing area. Another fire was reported to have been started by a hobo who had started a fire in a pitchy log. This was north of Parks, an area known for sheep grazing.

In early May the livestock men pledged cooperation to keep fires out of the forest. These additional men caring for livestock were additional eyes and helping hands to fight a fire prior to it growing to a large area and additional manpower would be required to fight the fire. The livestock men realized that their need of range required them to be a willing partner in forest fire prevention. As fires decreased valuable feed land it could have permanent carrying capacity repercussions for years. In addition, the grazing of animals, either sheep or cattle, helped, if properly grazed on a area, to reduce the vegetation before the dry season converted it into a fire trap which in turn threatened forest, ranch property and human life.

In June it was reported for Arizona that thirteen fires had occurred of which six were caused from campfires not extinguished, three were from smokers throwing either a match or their cigarette out into the grass without putting either out first, and there were three from lumbering and one undetermined. Luckily only 60 acres had burned in these thirteen fires. It could have been worse. June started the fire season and in 1923, there was much concern about fires as the high wind had dried out the vegetation early. The Williams News did not mince words as to the carelessness of campers or smokers. It further stated, “Human carelessness causes more than three-fourths of all the forest fires in the United States, and until the percentage is reduced to a nominal figure, our forests, upon which so much of our country’s prosperity depends, will not be safe from the destructive influences of fire.”

In another article the newspaper reported that statistics showed that of all the forest in Arizona, the Coconino had the most fires over a ten-year period. Of the fifty fires reported up to the end of June with only two of them being nature caused, i.e., lightning. The rainy season had started by early July and thus there was relief by all – forest personnel, livestock raisers, farmers and merchants. But the rainy season did not mean there would be no more fires as lightning still caused some and lumbering, campfires and smokers all were contributing to the number of fires. An increase in rainfall for July, August and September helped to control fires.

By the end of the year, it was reported that Arizona and New Mexico (both reported together and no way to separate the data) had less fires in 1923 than 1922; 552 versus 899, respectively. Half of these fires were attributable to lightning and thus unpreventable. The total area of fire damage was two-thirds of what had been burned in 1922 also. Most fires were small, less than one-fourth of an acre. The forest ranger declared that there are still too many human caused fires and more education was needed to prevent future fires.

To end this a story of one very persistent forest ranger will tell how seriously the forest service takes fire. A ranger found a still burning fire and traced a tourist all the way to Maine and brought him back to appear before the Justice of the Peace for his careless act. In 1923, the forest service always got their man!

Range conditions from Williams News 1923

January range report stated that the mild weather and a moderate amount of rainfall has greatly improved ranges in north-central Arizona as well as western New Mexico. The precipitation was in the form of rain and ranges were free from snow making it possible for stock to easily feed. Western New Mexico was always included in Arizona’s range report. Many of their stockmen would graze their animals in Arizona when range conditions were more favorable then in New Mexico!

In February the range conditions came from news submitted by Mr. William Pitts. He who wintered his sheep in the Congress Junction area said that the feed was excellent and water was plentiful for all animals. He told the newspaper that the range land was the best he had seen at this time of year.

In early March and all through the month general rains had greatly improved range conditions especially in the desert lambing area of the Salt River Valley. While not germane to the sheep industry Williams was experiencing an influx of tourist now that the roads had dried up. The ranges in the first part of April were also favorable.

But May had seen a deterioration with range conditions reported only 76 per cent of normal. Sheep were fairing much better than cattle with a 94 per cent normal compared to only 70 per cent for cattle! Coconino County was in the best shape of all the counties with cattle at 97 per cent of normal and range at 100 per cent. There was no report on sheep but I speculate that with these conditions sheep were also doing well.

Conditions improved in July in some parts of the state with some rain falling. Higher temperatures for the past weeks were causing pastures to be dry and little water found in stock ponds. Higher elevations,however, were reported with livestock in good condition. In the Crook National Forest near Globe watering places we’re holding up well and again reporting cattle doing well. The Grand Canyon section and the Douglas area were suffering the most with Douglas from intense heat!

By the end of July rain had fallen over the pastoral lands of the state and conditions were rapidly improving. The Grand Canyon section still was in poor condition from the lack of precipitation for so long. The southern portion of the state was fairing much better.

The next report on Range conditions found was not until November when, once again range conditions had deteriorated. As reported earlier Yuma District and their grazing lands would be used to graze 3,000 sheep and 6,000 cattle.

Seems like we still have the same problem today with the weather not always giving us that life giving moisture so important to humans, livestock and wildlife! This summer has been very dismal in terms of rain in the Phoenix area. The black clouds roll in; there may be lightning but little to no rain. Rain has fallen to the south and east but we sure could use a great big rainstorm right about now!

Survey for Veterinarian student

Please read and complete this survey if you own a small herd of sheep or goats. A veterinary student at Washington State University is conducting this survey as part of her senior course work. Thank you!

Do you own sheep or goats? Do you have a great veterinarian or do you struggle to even find one? If you answer yes to those questions we need to hear from you!

Please fill out this anonymous and voluntary survey regarding veterinary access to care and antibiotic use by owners and managers of small ruminant livestock in the United States.

Survey URL: https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwsu.co1.qualtrics.com%2Fjfe%2Fform%2FSV_exrX5rv1RZtIAh8&data=05%7C01%7C%7C1648252f222c48cc1ac108db95b78fdb%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638268387848532283%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=3rY0SaFlg%2BMyreMyurqTqIArOPkxdHPfeyQ8ixbXQhY%3D&reserved=0

Access to veterinary care can be a challenge for owners and managers of small ruminant livestock. Researchers at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine have developed a survey to better understand how those that raise sheep and goats manage the health of their animals and the obstacles encountered. It is anticipated the results of the survey will inform further research and efforts to improve access to veterinary care and foster antibiotic stewardship on small-scale, small ruminant livestock operations in the United States.

This project is being spearheaded by Ashley, a 4th year veterinary student who owns sheep and trains herding dogs. Her first-hand experience of the challenges faced by sheep and goat owners motivated her to do this research as her senior paper project. Her goal is to better understand and develop solutions to remove obstacles to quality health care of sheep and goats. Please help her by completing this survey:

The survey should not take longer than 10-15 minutes. It is completely voluntary, and all responses will be anonymous, so you can answer candidly without any risk of anyone tracking your answers back to you.

If you are at least 18 years of age and own or manage sheep or goats as part of a “hobby” or “backyard” farm in the United States you are eligible to participate in this online survey.
If you have any questions about the survey or how the data will be used contact Dr. John Wenz DVM, MS, Associate Professor, WSU College of Veterinary Medicine: jrwenz@wsu.edu 509-335-0773
“This study, IRB 20122, has been certified as Exempt by the WSU Human Research Protection Program.”

More Williams News 1923

Just a few more sheep stories that were reported in the Williams News for 1923. Not all pertain to Arizona but were included as some of these articles would have been of interest to the sheep men and maybe the public. Newspapers back in the day certainly carried more newsworthy stories to the public then they do today.

In the February 2, 1923, Williams News an article appeared on the many attributes associated with Williams. Besides the fact that it had prospered because it was the “gateway to the Grand Canyon” mention was made that the outlying country was “still grazed by profitable herds of cattle and well-paying sheep herds.” There were many sheep men who summered in the Williams area that I have previously wrote about – Aleman’s, Pouquettes, Wm. Pitts, R. E. Diahl, etc. It was also reported that J. F. Daggs, who had extensive sheep interests in the state, had passed in May 1923. His son had a home in Williams and was aslo connected with the sheep industry.

An interesting piece of information came from the William’s Woman’s Club November meeting. The women’s club held a meeting and discussed many things. One of which was how to beautify their town. Some one thought flower gardening worthy of our intensive attention, then came the water problem and finally the question of keeping the town herds, pet goats and sheep and range cattle out of their lawns and backyards. Just how this was to be done was not decided but the ladies thought perhaps they could cooperate with the Rotary Club and gain something definite in the way of means to make Williams the most beautiful town in Northern Arizona. It will be interesting to see if further information of a joint adventure with the Rotary Club produces any results of ridding the town of sheep and other livestock!

In December the Williams News reported on the Articles of Incorporation for the Chevelon Sheep Company by P.J. Moran, C.J. Babbitt and H.G. Babbitt. Once again, this information helps with names of the sheep companies and those who were in the business.

Among these 1923 newspapers were many articles that would have been of interest to those in the sheep business. One was “Department Film on Wool One-reel motion picture on phases of wool handling and marketing is released”. It had been prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture and could be borrowed from them. Another from the Department of Agriculture dealt with “Sheep are Particularly Subject to Parasites.” A third informational article was titled “Commercial Life of Ewe”. It stated that the life of a breeding ewe is six to eight years, depending on type of sheep, range, feed, care, etc. The first lamb is dropped when the ewe is about two years of age. Four to six more are gotten before the animal is discarded. Many sheep breeds the ewes have two and sometimes three lambs thus this number cited could have been low but it did say depending on the breed!

And for our conclusion: the humorous story – “Maxim for Moral Maidens – To keep a man from dancing – cheek to cheek with you, wash your hair in sheep dip.”

Williams News and Sheep Citations 1923

A few happenings in the sheep industry found in the Williams News. Most of these are about sheep raisers in the northern portion of the state but one deals with the Prescott area.

In one story found in the January 12^th Williams News a group of nine sheep raisers purchased a section of land for a sheep driveway. The land was located 16 miles northwest of Prescott near the Cooper ranch (one of the purchasers) and four miles beyond the American ranch. It cost them $2,880 which in 2023 dollars would be $50,578.42. Unfortunately, more research will be needed to find how many acres were bought and the exact location for the trail.

Those part of the land deal included Nathan Bankhead, R. E. Daggs, Lou Charlebois, Charles E. Burton, George Campbell, R. F. Cooper, M. I. Powers, Peter Espil, Simon Pacquette and the Howard Sheep Company.

Some other information were sheep raisers visiting Williams:William Pitts and Mr. R. E. Diahl who had interests in the Howard Sheep Company. Finding these little tidbits gives me names of sheep raisers I might already know but sometimes it is a new one.

In 1923 there was the announcement of 10-year permits for stockmen who desired to graze cattle and sheep on National Forests ranges. This would take place in 1925. Permits of the past have only been for 5 years. But in an effort to help stockmen recover from the period of depression that it had suffered the past few years after World War I, they (the Federal government) felt that the increase time would help stockmen secure financial aid to carry on their grazing operations. New rates for grazing will also take place in 1925 occurring simultaneously with the new 10-year permits.

There are other mentions about sheep for 1923 in the Williams News which will be posted in the next day or so as I have the time to organize it. One will be about the range conditions for the year as it seemed that that changed very quickly from favorable to unfavorable.